隨著全球各地電(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設(she)的(de)(de)不(bu)斷推進，全球電(dian)(dian)力需求呈上升趨勢。高壓(ya)直流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)是一種能將發(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)產生的(de)(de)直接電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)交變電(dian)(dian)流并(bing)發(fa)送回交流電(dian)(dian)供給的(de)(de)方法，可(ke)以實現最小損(sun)耗長(chang)距離輸(shu)送大量電(dian)(dian)能。

在全球電(dian)力工程建設中，長距離輸電(dian)所需的(de)高壓直流(liu)電(dian)纜需求(qiu)越來越多，全球高壓直流(liu)電(dian)纜市(shi)場呈不斷增(zeng)長的(de)趨勢。

目(mu)前，全(quan)(quan)球掌握高壓直(zhi)流(liu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)有瑞士ABB、德國(guo)西門(men)子、法國(guo)阿爾斯通、日本東芝(zhi)等。其中ABB和西門(men)子是發電和輸電市(shi)(shi)場(chang)主要的(de)參與(yu)者。這些巨頭公司的(de)業務占領了全(quan)(quan)球高壓直(zhi)流(liu)電市(shi)(shi)場(chang)80%的(de)份額(e)。

據英國(guo)商品研究(jiu)所(CRU)銅(tong)業(ye)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)師李春蘭(lan)此前調研分(fen)析(xi)(xi)，目前，全(quan)球有200多個工(gong)廠具(ju)備(bei)高壓電纜(lan)生(sheng)產(chan)能力(li)，中國(guo)有70多家，歐洲地區有近40家，也就是說(shuo)中國(guo)具(ju)備(bei)高壓電纜(lan)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)的(de)企業(ye)占全(quan)球總(zong)數(shu)的(de)1/3。

高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)不(bu)僅傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)容量是交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的2倍(bei)，而且輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損耗僅為交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的40%，其輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)離大大加長(chang)。在我國(guo)東部(bu)、中部(bu)、南部(bu)、沿海(hai)經濟發達地(di)區(qu)(qu)占電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力需求分布總需求的75%，我國(guo)的煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資源(yuan)主要(yao)分布集(ji)中在西部(bu)及北部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)。隨著國(guo)家"西電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東送(song)(song)"、"南電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北送(song)(song)"等工程(cheng)的推進，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)將成(cheng)被應(ying)用的主力軍。另外(wai)，新(xin)能源(yuan)規模化(hua)接(jie)入及城市輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)化(hua)建設，都需要(yao)應(ying)用高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)更是海(hai)上風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、海(hai)上孤(gu)島的唯一輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)手段(duan)。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)交流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)比，優(you)勢突(tu)出。第(di)(di)一，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路走廊更窄，造價低(di);第(di)(di)二，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)穿強(qiang)度高(gao)(gao)，其工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)約為交流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的3倍(bei);第(di)(di)三，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量更大;第(di)(di)四(si)，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損耗低(di)無集(ji)膚效應(ying)、沒有無功損耗;第(di)(di)五，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)長(chang)距(ju)離輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率不(bu)受(shou)容性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)影響，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網間無需同步(bu)運行。

高壓直流(liu)電(dian)纜應用前景廣(guang)闊。高壓直流(liu)電(dian)纜不(bu)僅(jin)傳輸(shu)(shu)容(rong)量是交流(liu)電(dian)纜的(de)2倍，而且輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)電(dian)能損耗僅(jin)為交流(liu)電(dian)纜的(de)40%，其輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)距離大(da)大(da)加(jia)長。

日前，美國輸電(dian)開(kai)發(fa)商(shang)公(gong)(gong)司主席(xi)(xi)兼(jian)首席(xi)(xi)執行官(guan)唐納德表示，紐約(yue)(yue)州(zhou)將(jiang)建333英里長的高壓直流輸電(dian)線路，主要在(zai)加拿大(da)邊界和紐約(yue)(yue)之(zhi)間的水下(xia)、鐵(tie)路、高速公(gong)(gong)路敷(fu)設。開(kai)工第一年將(jiang)主要對(dui)電(dian)纜生產商(shang)及環(huan)境(jing)管理建設計劃(hua)等進(jin)行最終審批。

很顯然，中國具(ju)備(bei)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)生產能力的企業在(zai)全球(qiu)高(gao)壓(ya)直流電(dian)纜(lan)市場占比與在(zai)全球(qiu)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)生產企業總數的占比，這兩組數據形(xing)成了較(jiao)鮮(xian)明的對比。

近日，國(guo)(guo)(guo)網(wang)(北京)經濟技術研究院設(she)計咨詢公(gong)司副主任張子引表示，一(yi)些直流(liu)電纜(lan)目前國(guo)(guo)(guo)內線纜(lan)企業(ye)的一(yi)個弱項，這塊可(ke)能(neng)也(ye)有一(yi)定的技術難度。國(guo)(guo)(guo)內外輕型高壓直流(liu)電纜(lan)的制造能(neng)力差距比(bi)較大。目前高電壓等級的電纜(lan)都是(shi)引進國(guo)(guo)(guo)外的比(bi)較多，之間的差距是(shi)需要中國(guo)(guo)(guo)電纜(lan)企業(ye)乃至(zhi)整個行業(ye)共同努力去縮小(xiao)的。

ABB集團(tuan)電(dian)力系統業務部全(quan)球負(fu)(fu)責人柯˙睿思表示，高(gao)壓直流輸電(dian)技術正成(cheng)為越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)重要的(de)一(yi)項(xiang)技術，尤其在可再生能源的(de)并網(wang)和互聯等新興領(ling)域。ABB集團(tuan)一(yi)直是該領(ling)域的(de)市場領(ling)導(dao)者(zhe)，基于以(yi)往的(de)成(cheng)就，將繼續開發高(gao)壓直流輸電(dian)新技術。另(ling)外(wai)，阿爾(er)斯通項(xiang)目(mu)負(fu)(fu)責人也(ye)表示，未來(lai)10年，阿爾(er)斯通旨在占據全(quan)球高(gao)壓直流項(xiang)目(mu)20%的(de)市場份額。

面對國外(wai)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)企業(ye)只增不減(jian)的(de)挑戰，中(zhong)國纜(lan)(lan)企可(ke)以通過“先內而(er)外(wai)”的(de)方式，不斷增強自身(shen)在全球(qiu)高壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)市場(chang)的(de)競爭(zheng)力，縮(suo)減(jian)國外(wai)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)企業(ye)在中(zhong)國高壓直流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)市場(chang)中(zhong)的(de)占比，中(zhong)國的(de)高壓直流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)市場(chang)應用十分廣。

西(xi)(xi)安交通大學鐘力生教授認為，隨(sui)著國家“西(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)東送”、“南電(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)送”等工(gong)程的推進，高(gao)(gao)壓直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜將成(cheng)被應(ying)用的主力軍。新能(neng)源規模化(hua)接入及城市輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜化(hua)建設，都(dou)需要(yao)應(ying)用高(gao)(gao)壓直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。高(gao)(gao)壓直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜更是海上風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、海上孤島的唯一輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)手段。