隨著全球(qiu)各地電(dian)網建設的不斷推進(jin),全球(qiu)電(dian)力需求呈上升趨勢。高壓直(zhi)流(liu)輸電(dian)是一(yi)種能將(jiang)發電(dian)廠產生(sheng)的直(zhi)接(jie)電(dian)流(liu)的交變電(dian)流(liu)并發送(song)回(hui)交流(liu)電(dian)供給的方法,可以實現最小損耗長距(ju)離輸送(song)大量(liang)電(dian)能。
在全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)電力工程建設中,長(chang)距(ju)離輸(shu)電所需的高壓直流電纜(lan)需求越來(lai)越多,全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)高壓直流電纜(lan)市場(chang)呈(cheng)不斷增長(chang)的趨勢。
目前(qian),全(quan)球掌(zhang)握高壓直(zhi)流市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)有瑞(rui)士ABB、德國(guo)西(xi)門子(zi)、法國(guo)阿(a)爾(er)斯通(tong)、日本東芝等。其(qi)中(zhong)ABB和(he)西(xi)門子(zi)是發電(dian)和(he)輸電(dian)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主要的(de)參與者。這(zhe)些巨頭公司的(de)業(ye)務占領了全(quan)球高壓直(zhi)流電(dian)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)80%的(de)份額。
據英(ying)國商品(pin)研(yan)究所(CRU)銅(tong)業分析師李春(chun)蘭此前調研(yan)分析,目(mu)前,全球有(you)200多個工廠具(ju)備高壓電(dian)纜生(sheng)產(chan)能力(li),中國有(you)70多家,歐(ou)洲地區有(you)近40家,也就是說中國具(ju)備高壓電(dian)纜生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)的企業占全球總數的1/3。
高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)不(bu)僅傳輸(shu)容量是(shi)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)2倍,而且輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損耗僅為交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)40%,其(qi)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離(li)大大加長。在我(wo)國(guo)東(dong)部(bu)、中(zhong)部(bu)、南部(bu)、沿海(hai)經濟發(fa)達(da)地區占電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)需求分布總需求的(de)75%,我(wo)國(guo)的(de)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資源主要分布集中(zhong)在西部(bu)及北部(bu)地區。隨著國(guo)家"西電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)送(song)"、"南電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北送(song)"等工程的(de)推進,高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)將成被應(ying)用(yong)的(de)主力(li)軍。另外,新(xin)能源規(gui)模化(hua)(hua)接入及城(cheng)市輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)化(hua)(hua)建設(she),都需要應(ying)用(yong)高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)更是(shi)海(hai)上(shang)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、海(hai)上(shang)孤(gu)島的(de)唯一(yi)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)手段。高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與高壓(ya)(ya)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相比(bi),優勢突出。第(di)一(yi),高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路走廊更窄,造價低;第(di)二,高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)穿強(qiang)度高,其(qi)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)約為交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)3倍;第(di)三,高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量更大;第(di)四,高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損耗低無集膚(fu)效(xiao)應(ying)、沒有無功(gong)損耗;第(di)五(wu),高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)長距離(li)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率不(bu)受(shou)容性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)影響,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網間無需同步運行。
高壓(ya)直流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)應用(yong)前景廣闊。高壓(ya)直流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)不僅傳輸(shu)容量是交流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)的2倍,而且輸(shu)電(dian)電(dian)能損耗僅為交流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)的40%,其輸(shu)電(dian)距離大(da)(da)大(da)(da)加長。
日前,美(mei)國輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)開發商(shang)公司主(zhu)席(xi)兼首席(xi)執行官唐納德表示,紐約州將(jiang)建333英里長的高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)線路,主(zhu)要在加拿大邊界和紐約之間(jian)的水下(xia)、鐵(tie)路、高(gao)(gao)速(su)公路敷(fu)設。開工第一(yi)年將(jiang)主(zhu)要對電(dian)(dian)纜生產商(shang)及環境管(guan)理建設計劃等進行最(zui)終審批。
很顯然,中國具備高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)生產能力的企(qi)業(ye)在全(quan)球高壓(ya)直流電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)市場占(zhan)比與在全(quan)球高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)生產企(qi)業(ye)總數的占(zhan)比,這兩(liang)組(zu)數據(ju)形成了較鮮明的對比。
近日,國(guo)網(北京(jing))經(jing)濟技(ji)術(shu)研究院(yuan)設(she)計咨詢公司(si)副主任張子引表示(shi),一些直(zhi)流電(dian)纜目前國(guo)內(nei)線纜企(qi)業的一個弱項,這塊可能(neng)也有(you)一定(ding)的技(ji)術(shu)難度。國(guo)內(nei)外輕型高壓直(zhi)流電(dian)纜的制造能(neng)力(li)(li)差(cha)距比較大(da)。目前高電(dian)壓等級的電(dian)纜都是引進國(guo)外的比較多(duo),之間的差(cha)距是需要中國(guo)電(dian)纜企(qi)業乃(nai)至整(zheng)個行業共同(tong)努力(li)(li)去縮(suo)小的。
ABB集團(tuan)(tuan)電力(li)系(xi)統(tong)業務(wu)部(bu)全(quan)球負(fu)責人(ren)柯˙睿思表(biao)示,高壓直流輸電技術(shu)正成為越來(lai)越重要(yao)的一(yi)項(xiang)技術(shu),尤其在可再生能源(yuan)的并網(wang)和互聯等新興(xing)領域(yu)。ABB集團(tuan)(tuan)一(yi)直是(shi)該領域(yu)的市場(chang)領導者,基于以往的成就(jiu),將(jiang)繼續開發高壓直流輸電新技術(shu)。另外,阿爾斯(si)通(tong)項(xiang)目負(fu)責人(ren)也表(biao)示,未來(lai)10年(nian),阿爾斯(si)通(tong)旨(zhi)在占據全(quan)球高壓直流項(xiang)目20%的市場(chang)份額。
面(mian)對國(guo)外電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)企業只(zhi)增(zeng)不減(jian)的(de)挑戰,中國(guo)纜(lan)企可以(yi)通過“先內而外”的(de)方(fang)式,不斷增(zeng)強自(zi)身在全(quan)球高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)市(shi)場的(de)競爭(zheng)力,縮減(jian)國(guo)外電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)企業在中國(guo)高壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)市(shi)場中的(de)占比,中國(guo)的(de)高壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)市(shi)場應用十分廣。
西安交通(tong)大學鐘力生教授認為(wei),隨著國家“西電(dian)(dian)(dian)東送”、“南電(dian)(dian)(dian)北送”等工程的(de)推進,高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)將成被應用的(de)主力軍。新能源(yuan)規模化(hua)接(jie)入及城(cheng)市輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)化(hua)建設,都需要(yao)應用高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)更(geng)是海上風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、海上孤島的(de)唯一輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)手段。