本文(wen)從耐熱(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金導(dao)體材料，導(dao)線結構(gou)和相關標準(zhun)的(de)角度論述耐熱(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金導(dao)線的(de)發展。指出電導(dao)率為61%IACS的(de)間隙(xi)型耐熱(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金導(dao)線是耐熱(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金導(dao)線的(de)發展方向。

耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)合(he)金(jin)導線(xian)(xian)通(tong)常指最高運行(xing)溫度為150℃的架空(kong)輸(shu)電導線(xian)(xian)，該耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)合(he)金(jin)導線(xian)(xian)在(zai)我(wo)國通(tong)常用(yong)于城市線(xian)(xian)路增容(rong)改造，而在(zai)日本還用(yong)于長距離高壓輸(shu)電線(xian)(xian)路和(he)超高壓輸(shu)電線(xian)(xian)路。耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)合(he)金(jin)導線(xian)(xian)有(you)鋼芯耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)合(he)金(jin)絞線(xian)(xian)(TACSR)和(he)間隙型(xing)鋼芯耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)合(he)金(jin)絞線(xian)(xian)(GTACSR)。TACSR中的耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)合(he)金(jin)線(xian)(xian)有(you)58%IACS耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)合(he)金(jin)線(xian)(xian)(58TAl)和(he)60%IACS耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)合(he)金(jin)線(xian)(xian)(60TAl)兩(liang)種。

耐熱(re)鋁合金線與普(pu)通硬鋁線的性能對比(bi)

相應的(de)導線分別稱為(wei)58TACSR和60TACSR，典(dian)型TACSR和鋼芯鋁絞線(ACSR)的(de)電(dian)氣性能見表2。可見，TACSR的(de)連續允(yun)許(xu)載(zai)流(liu)量大約為(wei)ACSR的(de)1.6倍，短(duan)時允(yun)許(xu)載(zai)流(liu)量達1.36倍。

1、國外耐(nai)熱(re)鋁合金(jin)導體材料及(ji)耐(nai)熱(re)鋁合金(jin)導線的(de)發(fa)展

1949年(nian)(nian)Herrington研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)現微量(liang)鋯(gao)就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)鋁(lv)(lv)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)性能。該發(fa)現首(shou)先引起日本(ben)(ben)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)纜材料工(gong)作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關注，在(zai)深入研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)元(yuan)素對電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)業純鋁(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)力學(xue)性能影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，日本(ben)(ben)于(yu)20世紀(ji)(ji)60年(nian)(nian)代開發(fa)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)為(wei)58%IACS的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁(lv)(lv)鋯(gao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，并用(yong)(yong)于(yu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)增容改造。由于(yu)58TACSR電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)較低(di)，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)損(sun)耗較大，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)純鋁(lv)(lv)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雜質元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)和(he)存在(zai)狀態(tai)研(yan)(yan)制出了電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)為(wei)60%IACS的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁(lv)(lv)鋯(gao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。20世紀(ji)(ji)70年(nian)(nian)代初(chu)研(yan)(yan)制出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)為(wei)60%IACS耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，于(yu)1973年(nian)(nian)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)，到20世紀(ji)(ji)90年(nian)(nian)代開始(shi)大量(liang)應用(yong)(yong)。1990年(nian)(nian)時(shi)，日本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)500kV輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)已(yi)經全部(bu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。至1997年(nian)(nian)日本(ben)(ben)大量(liang)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)60TACSR代替ACSR，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)已(yi)經達到全國輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)總長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)70%。為(wei)了降低(di)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)高(gao)溫運行時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弧垂，住友率(lv)(lv)(lv)先開發(fa)了間(jian)隙型鋼芯(xin)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)絞(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。間(jian)隙型耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)絞(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)現已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)J-powersystem公司、滕倉公司和(he)維世佳公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)牌產品。日本(ben)(ben)在(zai)20世紀(ji)(ji)80年(nian)(nian)代研(yan)(yan)制60%IACS耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)，就(jiu)開始(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)改進工(gong)藝(yi)提(ti)高(gao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，嘗(chang)試了在(zai)固溶型鋯(gao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)上(shang)(shang)采用(yong)(yong)溫拉拔，和(he)壓延(yan)過(guo)程中急冷來(lai)提(ti)高(gao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。嘗(chang)試了在(zai)固溶型鋯(gao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)上(shang)(shang)添加合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)元(yuan)素Li或B，并通(tong)(tong)過(guo)溫拉拔或控制鑄造冷卻速(su)度(du)來(lai)提(ti)高(gao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，嘗(chang)試了在(zai)鋯(gao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)上(shang)(shang)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)時(shi)效熱(re)(re)(re)處理來(lai)提(ti)高(gao)其導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性。研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)結果表(biao)明(ming)：通(tong)(tong)過(guo)上(shang)(shang)述手段可(ke)使(shi)(shi)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)提(ti)高(gao)至61%IASC。但由于(yu)工(gong)藝(yi)苛刻(ke)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)為(wei)61%IACS的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)絞(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一直沒能投(tou)入工(gong)業應用(yong)(yong)。

2、國內耐熱鋁(lv)合金(jin)導(dao)體材(cai)料及耐熱鋁(lv)合金(jin)導(dao)線的發展

上(shang)世紀(ji)80年代末，國(guo)內電纜廠聯合研發了(le)58TACSR，打破了(le)此(ci)類產品依賴進(jin)口的(de)局面(mian)。用一根該耐熱(re)導線可(ke)代替(ti)兩(liang)根同截面(mian)的(de)鋼芯鋁絞線，不(bu)僅安裝、維護方便(bian)，而且(qie)運行(xing)可(ke)靠，經濟效益(yi)顯著(zhu)。隨著(zhu)我國(guo)城市電力需(xu)求的(de)急劇(ju)增(zeng)加，迫(po)切需(xu)要對(dui)城網老線路進(jin)行(xing)增(zeng)容(rong)改造。

采用耐熱鋁(lv)合金導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)不更(geng)換(huan)(huan)桿(gan)塔或少(shao)量更(geng)換(huan)(huan)桿(gan)塔的(de)(de)(de)情況下實現線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)增(zeng)容(rong)50%以(yi)上。國(guo)(guo)產耐熱鋁(lv)合金導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)較早(zao)作(zuo)為(wei)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)增(zeng)容(rong)使(shi)用是在(zai)1995年(nian)(nian)湖北武(wu)漢市4km的(de)(de)(de)110kV英棲(qi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)擴容(rong)改(gai)造工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。采用NRLH58GJ-240/30更(geng)換(huan)(huan)同(tong)截面的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)芯鋁(lv)絞線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，使(shi)載(zai)流(liu)量從原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)445A提高到(dao)611A。2001年(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)內首條58%電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)防腐鋼(gang)(gang)芯耐熱鋁(lv)合金絞線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)NRLH58GJF-400/35應用于線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)總長(chang)7.57km的(de)(de)(de)深圳南山電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠110kV送出線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)容(rong)改(gai)造工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)上，其代替LGJ400/35ACSR，載(zai)流(liu)量由833A提到(dao)1180A。從1995年(nian)(nian)到(dao)2002年(nian)(nian)，大約有(you)2600t國(guo)(guo)產耐熱鋁(lv)合金導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用在(zai)各類線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)改(gai)造工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，且主要應用于距(ju)離較短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)容(rong)改(gai)造工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。58%電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)鋼(gang)(gang)芯耐熱鋁(lv)合金絞線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)運行過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)損較大，以(yi)500kV輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)為(wei)例，設(she)計(ji)上可(ke)采用4分(fen)裂(lie)NRLH58GJ-630/45(4分(fen)裂(lie)TACSR)或6分(fen)裂(lie)ACSR-720/50。4分(fen)裂(lie)TACSR在(zai)通過805A額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)為(wei)0.05626Ω/km，其單(dan)位(wei)長(chang)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)損耗為(wei)873.989kW/km，6分(fen)裂(lie)ACSR在(zai)通過537A額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)為(wei)0.04385Ω/km，其單(dan)位(wei)長(chang)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)損耗為(wei)455.219kW/km，采用TACSR其線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)損較采用ACSR增(zeng)加419.77kW/km。

計算(suan)表(biao)明采(cai)(cai)用(yong)TACSR節省的投資(zi)，在(zai)10年(nian)內被(bei)其增(zeng)加的線(xian)(xian)損所(suo)耗完。由于輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)路設(she)計壽命(ming)為(wei)40年(nian)。可見在(zai)長距離輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)路上采(cai)(cai)用(yong)58TACSR替代鋼(gang)芯鋁(lv)絞線(xian)(xian)并(bing)不合(he)算(suan)[16]。為(wei)了降低線(xian)(xian)損，我國線(xian)(xian)纜企業相繼開發了60%TACSR并(bing)形成產品。

目前我(wo)國已經(jing)能(neng)夠(gou)穩定地生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)出所需(xu)截面尺(chi)寸的(de)耐(nai)熱鋁合(he)金導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，并已在國內的(de)許(xu)多重(zhong)要線(xian)(xian)(xian)路上得到很好(hao)的(de)應用，其產(chan)品(pin)已經(jing)能(neng)夠(gou)與國外產(chan)品(pin)媲(pi)美(mei)。從北京市電(dian)網(wang)(wang)在2005～2006年的(de)消隱工程中采用了大元電(dian)纜，大元電(dian)纜廠家(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)耐(nai)熱鋁合(he)金導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)起，我(wo)國國家(jia)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設用耐(nai)熱鋁合(he)金導(dao)(dao)就立(li)足于國內采購。然而(er)盡管2007年頒(ban)布的(de)IEC62004標(biao)準中已淘汰了58TACSR，時至(zhi)今(jin)日，我(wo)國電(dian)網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設在架空線(xian)(xian)(xian)材招標(biao)中還出現58%IACS電(dian)導(dao)(dao)率耐(nai)熱鋁合(he)金導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，這與建(jian)設資(zi)源節約型國家(jia)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)宗旨不符(fu)。