本文(wen)從耐(nai)熱(re)鋁(lv)合金(jin)導(dao)體材料(liao)，導(dao)線結(jie)構和相關(guan)標準的角度論述耐(nai)熱(re)鋁(lv)合金(jin)導(dao)線的發展(zhan)。指出電(dian)導(dao)率為61%IACS的間隙型耐(nai)熱(re)鋁(lv)合金(jin)導(dao)線是(shi)耐(nai)熱(re)鋁(lv)合金(jin)導(dao)線的發展(zhan)方向(xiang)。

耐(nai)(nai)熱鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)導(dao)線(xian)通常指最高(gao)運行溫度為150℃的(de)架(jia)空(kong)輸電導(dao)線(xian)，該(gai)耐(nai)(nai)熱鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)導(dao)線(xian)在(zai)我國通常用于城市(shi)線(xian)路(lu)增容改造(zao)，而在(zai)日本(ben)還用于長距離(li)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電線(xian)路(lu)和超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電線(xian)路(lu)。耐(nai)(nai)熱鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)導(dao)線(xian)有鋼(gang)芯(xin)耐(nai)(nai)熱鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)絞線(xian)(TACSR)和間隙型鋼(gang)芯(xin)耐(nai)(nai)熱鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)絞線(xian)(GTACSR)。TACSR中的(de)耐(nai)(nai)熱鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)線(xian)有58%IACS耐(nai)(nai)熱鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)線(xian)(58TAl)和60%IACS耐(nai)(nai)熱鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)線(xian)(60TAl)兩種。

耐熱鋁(lv)合金線與普(pu)通硬鋁(lv)線的性(xing)能(neng)對(dui)比

相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)導線分別稱為(wei)58TACSR和(he)60TACSR，典型TACSR和(he)鋼芯鋁絞線(ACSR)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)氣性能見(jian)表2。可見(jian)，TACSR的(de)(de)(de)連續允(yun)許載流量(liang)大(da)約(yue)為(wei)ACSR的(de)(de)(de)1.6倍，短時(shi)允(yun)許載流量(liang)達1.36倍。

1、國(guo)外(wai)耐熱鋁合金導體材料(liao)及耐熱鋁合金導線的發展(zhan)

1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)Herrington研究(jiu)發(fa)現微量(liang)鋯(gao)(gao)就(jiu)可以提(ti)(ti)高鋁(lv)(lv)材(cai)的(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)性能。該發(fa)現首先引(yin)起日(ri)本(ben)(ben)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)纜(lan)材(cai)料工(gong)作(zuo)者的(de)關(guan)注，在(zai)(zai)深(shen)入(ru)研究(jiu)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)元(yuan)素對電(dian)(dian)工(gong)用(yong)工(gong)業純鋁(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)和(he)力學(xue)性能影響的(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，日(ri)本(ben)(ben)于20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)60年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)了電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)為(wei)58%IACS的(de)鋁(lv)(lv)鋯(gao)(gao)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，并(bing)用(yong)于變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)增容(rong)改造。由于58TACSR電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)較(jiao)低，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)損(sun)耗較(jiao)大，通(tong)過(guo)控制電(dian)(dian)工(gong)純鋁(lv)(lv)中的(de)雜質元(yuan)素的(de)數量(liang)和(he)存在(zai)(zai)狀態研制出了電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)為(wei)60%IACS的(de)鋁(lv)(lv)鋯(gao)(gao)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)初研制出的(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)為(wei)60%IACS耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，于1973年(nian)(nian)(nian)用(yong)于輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)，到(dao)20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)大量(liang)應用(yong)。1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)時(shi)(shi)，日(ri)本(ben)(ben)的(de)500kV輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)的(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)已經全部使(shi)(shi)用(yong)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。至(zhi)1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)大量(liang)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)60TACSR代(dai)(dai)(dai)替ACSR，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)量(liang)已經達到(dao)全國輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)總長的(de)70%。為(wei)了降(jiang)低耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)高溫運(yun)行時(shi)(shi)的(de)弧垂，住友率(lv)先開(kai)(kai)發(fa)了間隙型(xing)鋼(gang)芯耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)絞(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。間隙型(xing)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)絞(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)現已成為(wei)J-powersystem公(gong)司(si)、滕倉公(gong)司(si)和(he)維世(shi)佳公(gong)司(si)的(de)名牌產品。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)在(zai)(zai)20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)研制60%IACS耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)(shi)，就(jiu)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)通(tong)過(guo)改進工(gong)藝提(ti)(ti)高耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)，嘗試了在(zai)(zai)固溶(rong)型(xing)鋯(gao)(gao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)上(shang)采用(yong)溫拉拔(ba)，和(he)壓延(yan)過(guo)程中急冷(leng)來提(ti)(ti)高耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)。嘗試了在(zai)(zai)固溶(rong)型(xing)鋯(gao)(gao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)上(shang)添加合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)元(yuan)素Li或B，并(bing)通(tong)過(guo)溫拉拔(ba)或控制鑄造冷(leng)卻速度來提(ti)(ti)高耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)，嘗試了在(zai)(zai)鋯(gao)(gao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)上(shang)通(tong)過(guo)時(shi)(shi)效熱(re)(re)(re)(re)處理來提(ti)(ti)高其導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)性。研究(jiu)結果表(biao)明：通(tong)過(guo)上(shang)述手段可使(shi)(shi)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)提(ti)(ti)高至(zhi)61%IASC。但由于工(gong)藝苛刻，電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)為(wei)61%IACS的(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)絞(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一直沒能投入(ru)工(gong)業應用(yong)。

2、國內(nei)耐熱(re)鋁合金導(dao)體(ti)材料及耐熱(re)鋁合金導(dao)線的發展

上世紀80年代末，國內電纜廠聯合研發(fa)了58TACSR，打破了此(ci)類產品(pin)依賴進口的局面。用一(yi)根該(gai)耐熱導線可代替兩根同截面的鋼芯鋁(lv)絞線，不僅安裝(zhuang)、維護方便，而且運行可靠，經濟效(xiao)益顯著(zhu)。隨著(zhu)我國城市電力(li)需(xu)求的急劇增(zeng)加，迫(po)切需(xu)要對(dui)城網(wang)老(lao)線路進行增(zeng)容改造(zao)。

采(cai)用(yong)(yong)耐熱鋁(lv)合金導(dao)(dao)線(xian)可以在不更換桿(gan)塔或少量更換桿(gan)塔的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下實現(xian)線(xian)路(lu)增(zeng)(zeng)容50%以上(shang)。國產耐熱鋁(lv)合金導(dao)(dao)線(xian)較(jiao)(jiao)早作為輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)增(zeng)(zeng)容使用(yong)(yong)是在1995年(nian)湖北武(wu)漢市(shi)4km的(de)(de)(de)(de)110kV英棲線(xian)路(lu)擴容改造(zao)工程(cheng)(cheng)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)NRLH58GJ-240/30更換同(tong)截(jie)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼芯鋁(lv)絞線(xian)，使載(zai)流(liu)量從(cong)原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)445A提高到(dao)611A。2001年(nian)國內首(shou)條(tiao)58%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率防腐鋼芯耐熱鋁(lv)合金絞線(xian)NRLH58GJF-400/35應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于線(xian)路(lu)總長(chang)7.57km的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)圳(zhen)南山電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠110kV送出(chu)線(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)容改造(zao)工程(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)，其(qi)代替LGJ400/35ACSR，載(zai)流(liu)量由833A提到(dao)1180A。從(cong)1995年(nian)到(dao)2002年(nian)，大約有2600t國產耐熱鋁(lv)合金導(dao)(dao)線(xian)用(yong)(yong)在各類線(xian)路(lu)改造(zao)工程(cheng)(cheng)中，且主要應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于距(ju)離(li)較(jiao)(jiao)短的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市(shi)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)容改造(zao)工程(cheng)(cheng)。58%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率鋼芯耐熱鋁(lv)合金絞線(xian)在運行過程(cheng)(cheng)中線(xian)損(sun)(sun)較(jiao)(jiao)大，以500kV輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)為例，設計上(shang)可采(cai)用(yong)(yong)4分裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)NRLH58GJ-630/45(4分裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)TACSR)或6分裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)ACSR-720/50。4分裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)TACSR在通(tong)過805A額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)為0.05626Ω/km，其(qi)單位長(chang)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)損(sun)(sun)耗為873.989kW/km，6分裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)ACSR在通(tong)過537A額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)為0.04385Ω/km，其(qi)單位長(chang)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)損(sun)(sun)耗為455.219kW/km，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)TACSR其(qi)線(xian)損(sun)(sun)較(jiao)(jiao)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)ACSR增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)419.77kW/km。

計算(suan)表明采(cai)用(yong)TACSR節省(sheng)的投資，在10年(nian)內被其增加的線(xian)損所耗完。由于輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)設計壽(shou)命(ming)為(wei)40年(nian)。可見在長距離輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)上采(cai)用(yong)58TACSR替代鋼芯鋁絞線(xian)并不合算(suan)[16]。為(wei)了(le)降低線(xian)損，我國線(xian)纜企(qi)業相繼開發了(le)60%TACSR并形成產品。

目前我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)能夠(gou)穩定地(di)生產出(chu)(chu)所需截面尺(chi)寸的耐(nai)熱(re)鋁合(he)金導線(xian)(xian)，并(bing)已(yi)(yi)在國(guo)(guo)(guo)內的許多重要線(xian)(xian)路上得(de)到(dao)很好的應用，其產品已(yi)(yi)經(jing)能夠(gou)與國(guo)(guo)(guo)外產品媲美。從(cong)北京市電網(wang)(wang)在2005～2006年(nian)的消隱工程中(zhong)采用了(le)大元電纜，大元電纜廠家(jia)生產的耐(nai)熱(re)鋁合(he)金導線(xian)(xian)起，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)電網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設(she)(she)用耐(nai)熱(re)鋁合(he)金導就立足于國(guo)(guo)(guo)內采購(gou)。然而盡管(guan)2007年(nian)頒布的IEC62004標準中(zhong)已(yi)(yi)淘(tao)汰了(le)58TACSR，時(shi)至今日，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)電網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設(she)(she)在架(jia)空線(xian)(xian)材招(zhao)標中(zhong)還(huan)出(chu)(chu)現58%IACS電導率耐(nai)熱(re)鋁合(he)金導線(xian)(xian)，這與建(jian)設(she)(she)資源節約(yue)型國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)電網(wang)(wang)的宗旨(zhi)不符。